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General Forestry => Drying and Processing => Topic started by: CEaston on September 08, 2019, 03:15:37 PM

Title: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: CEaston on September 08, 2019, 03:15:37 PM
First time posting here. I am newer to slabbing and wood working, I have found a passion in it so I am trying to take in as much as I can. I slabbed these Cherry pieces the other day and I have seen before that when stacking Cherry for drying, the wood will discolor where the spacers are. I am planning on air drying these in my garage by the way.

Why does Cherry do this? Will I be able sand these out? Is there a better way to dry Cherry that wont cause the marks from the spacers? 
 

I posted some photos from the slabbing session. I always enjoy the grain reveal once the top layer is cut off.

<
br>(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/56275/IMG_20190906_210723_842.jpg?easyrotate_cache=1567969558)
 
(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/56275/IMG_20190906_210723_838.jpg?easyrotate_cache=1567969555)
 
(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/56275/IMG_20190906_210723_840.jpg?easyrotate_cache=1567969557)
 
(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/56275/20190907_122616.jpg?easyrotate_cache=1567969544)
 
(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/56275/20190907_122621.jpg?easyrotate_cache=1567969554)
 
(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/56275/20190907_122623.jpg?easyrotate_cache=1567969558)
 
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on September 08, 2019, 05:12:53 PM
cherry, like some other woods like mulberry and hedge, will darken over time.  Most of mine will plane out.  this is usually due to oxidation and sunlight prob. will speed this up.  keep the pile out of direct sunlight, and if the wood under the stickers has not darkened as much, then i think it will even out over time.  if the stickers are green and full of moisture, it may seep into the wood and require more planning to remove.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: CEaston on September 08, 2019, 05:57:03 PM
Quote from: doc henderson on September 08, 2019, 05:12:53 PM
cherry, like some other woods like mulberry and hedge, will darken over time.  Most of mine will plane out.  this is usually due to oxidation and sunlight prob. will speed this up.  keep the pile out of direct sunlight, and if the wood under the stickers has not darkened as much, then i think it will even out over time.  if the stickers are green and full of moisture, it may seep into the wood and require more planning to remove.
Thank you for the response and information!
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: Don P on September 08, 2019, 09:04:02 PM
That is called sticker stain, usually caused by using green stickers. You want dry stickers that will suck up the moisture from the board rather than keeping it damp under there. If it is high value stuff it doesn't hurt to resticker it after a week or so with fresh sticks in a different place, that way the stickers will be on a dry surface and the wood that was hidden under the first set of sticks gets to dry quicker.

A garage is not a great place to dry, half the weight of those slabs is water, in an enclosed room it is hard to get rid of that moisture fast enough. Its also not good for the contents in the garage or the room itself. If you gotta do it keep the doors open as much as possible and put a fan on it.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on September 08, 2019, 10:05:40 PM
My ac has been broke in my shop.  just put a central in to replace the 2 window units.  instead of a drain, i have a 5 gallon bucket.  if it goes over 24 hours then the bucket is too full to carry without spilling.  so a month with no ac, and my stickered wood that i could put a fist behind a strap, has swollen up and now i am removing water from all those (boards) sponges.  this has been for about 10 days or 50 gallons of water or 400 pounds of water.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: JBailey on September 09, 2019, 01:14:53 PM
Sir,
nice looking cherry!  Like you, I'm air drying cherry and its a great wood once its dry. Stable, strong, responses great to tools and wow, it looks good.
One thing I would recommend is putting Anchorseal or something similar on the end grains.  That will greatly decrease checking - cherry isn't a bad checker, but it does check, especially with big slabs like you have. I can see the difference between cherry that had Anchorseal on ends and those pieces that didn't - and I wish I had sealed everything. Get it on ASAP before checks develop.  You want to protect that beautiful stuff.
Happy wood working and may you make lots of great projects with this cherry.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: JBailey on September 09, 2019, 01:17:40 PM
also, I would add: make sure your stickers (spacers) are the same species as the drying wood.  So your cherry gets cherry spacers.  Using different woods can result in discoloration.

Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: GeneWengert-WoodDoc on September 10, 2019, 09:41:03 PM
Check out this article about stains...go to the sticker stain section.

https://forestandwildlifeecology.triforce.cals.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/111/2017/07/64.pdf (https://forestandwildlifeecology.triforce.cals.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/111/2017/07/64.pdf)

Anchorseal on the ends is a good idea, but it must be done before the ends begin to dry, as the coating only prevents new checks, but has little effect on controlling existing checks from getting worse.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: CEaston on September 15, 2019, 03:06:54 PM
Thank you guys for the responses and information. 

I know that I am not running the ideal setup for drying. I, unfortunately, do not have the best space for my craft. I guess you could say I am more of an "Urban Woodworker" using the space of my driveway and garage in my neighborhood as my working platform.

As far as the drying inside of the garage. What if I did something even as simple as throwing a tarp over the wood stack and then running a DH under the tarp. Would that be worth anything or just a waste of time?

I have not used Anchorseal yet. I tried a wood glue combo on the end grain for my last batch and it helped with checking but still not as much as I would like. I have a few Black Walnut logs on the next to mill schedule I will definitely try the Anchorseal on.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on September 15, 2019, 03:43:45 PM
for that idea, might need a frame to hold the tarp up and out, fans to circulate and room for air movement so you do not burn up your dehumidifier.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: Don P on September 15, 2019, 07:24:01 PM
I've used 2" thick sheets of xps foam to build a box to put the wood and DH in, that's the blue or pink stuff, well or green, smooth not the white beadboard. Welding rod, coathanger metal or similar poked in to "nail" the box together and then duct tape and a couple of cans of great stuff canned foam to seal all the gaps. On the floor sheets I put osb on top of the foam to make a solid base. Stick a remote thermometer probe in there and drain the DH out into a pan so you can monitor drying rate. With it insulated the heat from the dh will build which helps to a point but keep an eye on that and keep it below the thermal overload on the dh. You can fancy that up with a thermostat. The problem with the tarp is you are trying to dry the entire space, or in most garages you are trying to dry the world.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: CEaston on September 17, 2019, 09:29:12 AM
I like that idea with the XPS foam board. It would not eat up a whole lot of space in my garage and contain the drying environment. If I am going to go ahead and start to plan a design for this should I make an effort for an inlet port that I could pump in some hot air? Something as simply as a fan blowing hot air in that is pulling from a propane/ electric/ some heat source? I guess with that in mind maybe even an outlet port as well that could be where the DH is pulling from.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on September 17, 2019, 10:20:09 AM
I think if there is room, you could put the DH inside the container.  the heat can be alight bulb, or halogen work light.  use caution in case there is a fire.  the foam can be set up in a way to take apart and reuse when needed.  I would drain the DH via hose to the outside of the container.  this way you can quantify the water removal.  quite satisfying.  @YellowHammer (http://forestryforum.com/board/index.php?action=profile;u=11488) uses this as a sign that the wood is "done".  I think you want this simple as it will take weeks and you do not want a fire, especially in you attached garage.  any kind of forced air or return air will be more difficult as most heaters and DH are not designed for that.  may reduce the efficiency and or increase risk.  have fun!!! ;)
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: YellowHammer on September 17, 2019, 02:56:39 PM
As 
@doc henderson (http://forestryforum.com/board/index.php?action=profile;u=41041) 
mentions, I believe the best way to accurately document the actual water removal, and to develop a feel for it, is using a container to capture the water removed.  I like to use a calibrated 5 gallon bucket.  This assumes there is no water removed through other means, such as vents, as moisture laden vapor. 

For example, with 1,000 bdft of red oak, if I get more than 5 gallons of water a day, then I am going too fast.  Less than 3 gallons, and I need to dial things up.

Drying wood with an electrical means, there is always the risk of fire.  Especially when dealing with the overly corrosive effects of wood moisture.  I have had quite a few mechanical devices break down inside the kiln due to corrosion, so please be very careful.  I would make sure you have a smoke detector in very close proximity.   
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: CEaston on September 19, 2019, 07:41:55 AM
That makes sense. I am thinking that I would not introduce any electric heat source with this first design and just keep it with the DH. 

As for the drying/ water amount per day to gauge if it is going too fast or too quick, is there a formula to follow for every x amount of board ft and for each type of wood.

For example is the water amount the same for 100 bf of cherry as it is for 100 bf black walnut? Is there a scale for water amount for different amounts of wood in kiln, 1000 bf of cherry should be 2 gallons a day and 500 bf of cherry should be 1 gallon a day. 

Any charts or articles I should read up on for this information?

Thank you guys for the information, this has relay helped me with putting together a better design for drying.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on September 19, 2019, 08:41:19 AM
@GeneWengert-WoodDoc (http://forestryforum.com/board/index.php?action=profile;u=20498) has data and more articles written than you can read.  if you know starting MC and species as well as bf, then gene can show us how to calcite the water loss by %.  some species like oak need to go slow so you can load more in, or raise the humidity or turn down the heat/cover part of a solar collector.  if you are drying maple and want to go fast, you are limited by the power of your kiln, solar or DH ect.  to figure starting MC it is prob. best to weigh and then oven dry a sample, calculate starting MC, then start from there.  then as you remove water and see the volume, convert to pounds, and can estimate daily losses.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on September 19, 2019, 08:46:55 AM
@CEaston (http://forestryforum.com/board/index.php?action=profile;u=46275) in theory if you had a container and all you did is replicate the relative humidity inside your house by making it lets say 35%, then you might as well just put the wood in your house.  it is the heat that motivates the water to come out faster.  the lower RH is what creates a bigger internal/external gradient and can lead to defects.  so you need heat, air movement, and controlled humidity, not just low humidity per say.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: CEaston on September 19, 2019, 09:11:45 AM
@doc henderson (http://forestryforum.com/board/index.php?action=profile;u=41041) so essentially, dont waste my time/ money unless I have some means of raising the temp.

What are the numbers I am as shooting for in a controlled environment?  ie 150 degrees f and 35% RH.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on September 19, 2019, 02:00:24 PM
I am a hobby guy and there are others with much more knowledge and experience.  @YellowHammer (http://forestryforum.com/board/index.php?action=profile;u=11488) uses a halogen work lite for heat.  I have used a simple temp and humidity monitor remote in the pile, by accurite for 14 dollars. The schedules are published and one of the researchers over the years is @GeneWengert-WoodDoc (http://forestryforum.com/board/index.php?action=profile;u=20498) .  he should chime in and reference the schedules.  your goal might be temp of 115 with 85% humidity for wet off the saw and this is when many defects are set in stone.  if air drying first, then you are really talking about speed. the higher temps are usually at the end to kill bugs and such.  with 4 sheets of foam you could make a 4 x 4 x 8 (1cord sized) container.  if you leave room for a light some fans, and a dehumidifier there will be less room for wood, but then you have a real kiln.  I have great success with slabs just being in my cooled in the summer and heated in the winter shop, but takes a couple years.  slow for thick slabs might be the best.  this is why some like solar, low tech and low operating cost, and almost foolproof.  heat during the day, relaxing wood at night, vent out the humid air, cost is for fans to keep the surfaces dry.  I have also done a out door pile of wood wrapped in plastic with ventilation.  look at timbergreen simple solar cycle kiln.  hopefully others will chime in, but do not be discouraged.  starting out it's all about learning and making upgrades as you can depending on space, time, money ect.  Keep up the good work. ;)
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on September 19, 2019, 02:11:24 PM
in traditional kilns. the relative humidity is measured by having a dry bulb thermometer that just measures the temp in the kiln.  then another with a wick over the bulb of the thermometer that is kept wet.  just like sweating, the moisture that evaporates lowers the temp.  the dryer it is, the more it drops the temp on the wet bulb thermometer, called the wet bulb depression.  the moisture in the wood follows a gradient from wet to dry, and goes in both directions.  so dry wood in a wet surrounding takes on water and wet wood in a dry environment, gives up water.  too big of gradient from the core of the wood to the surface caused stress, and this is why we control the kiln.  if already air dried then it is harder to screw things up, and then it is about drying to target MC, in a shorter time.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: mredden on September 19, 2019, 03:15:12 PM
Quote from: doc henderson on September 19, 2019, 02:00:24 PM
...

  I have also done a out door pile of wood wrapped in plastic with ventilation.  look at timbergreen simple solar cycle kiln.  hopefully others will chime in, but do not be discouraged.  starting out it's all about learning and making upgrades as you can depending on space, time, money ect.  Keep up the good work. ;)
I have watched timbergreen's 2 videos, but I cannot ind it if he did a third which reveals the results.
I am considering using that method for drying five 12'x31"ish pecan slabs that have been air dried to about 16% at this point. If I do it, I'm going to wait a bit longer til it reaches our local EMC of about 13.5. I am a bit nervous about "experimenting" with these 5 boards, but I think I'm gonna go for it.
What's the worst that can happen?
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on September 19, 2019, 04:09:15 PM
spontaneous combustion!...  you asked and I made that up. :) :) :)  I have done elm slabs and got them to 9%, and had I been more diligent. could go lower.  the key is stacking in a place that gets some sun, and making sure the plastic does not rip or blow off, re-wetting the wood.  I did mine without anything under except concrete slab, and water in the am would run from under the plastic.  I put two box fans inside the slab stack ( I had a couple rows).  my problem was I uesd strapping and occasionally the metal would tear the plastic.  I should have put osb on the top to keep the sun off, after dry, I store it under a black tarp. if they currently air drying, just cover with plastic and see what happens.  throw in a remote sensor and follow high and low temp and humidity for fun.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on September 19, 2019, 04:18:10 PM
 
(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/51041/3C83BAEB-08F5-4C8C-9D4D-257254405FA7.jpeg?easyrotate_cache=1546318692)
 

this is a stack of maple and elm boards and you can see the 2 inch thick by 22" by 10 feet elm on the pallet just behind (bottom left).  I have changed to poly strapping as the steel would rust and stain the wood, and as It shrinks, the poly buckles can be retensioned.  I now keep a black tarp over the stack, it will go into my storage container soon, with a home dehumidifier to keep it at home room humidity
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: Don P on September 19, 2019, 06:22:49 PM
When you put a DH inside a sealed insulated box the temperature rises, that is your heat source, nothing else should be needed. That is the reason I said to stick a remote probe from an indoor/outdoor thermometer in there, you may need to trim the dh back.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on September 19, 2019, 06:33:43 PM
Calculating dehumidifier output and MC loss in Drying and Processing (http://forestryforum.com/board/index.php?topic=107803.msg1681305#msg1681305)
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on September 19, 2019, 06:49:18 PM
here is a pic of my covered stack, passive ventilation (wind) black cover just storing.


(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/51041/8721C535-2DAE-401D-8A67-3D2C54BBCE81.jpeg?easyrotate_cache=1568932977)
 


(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/51041/89CDE9F0-7162-4358-BF5F-09C37ACD57A8.jpeg?easyrotate_cache=1568932983)
 

shrinkage in maple, the band twanged a high C when first under there.


(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/51041/8CA2EAC3-B3B9-4372-9659-1C2B74EE0ED7.jpeg?easyrotate_cache=1568933112)
 

moisture of a 2" thick elm slab under the eves but left outside.  gave half to a friend and they thought they would come back for the other half and It would be hard to stack so got left out.


(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/51041/51EC2ED5-B276-4F16-AC83-0F9D0B8CFC78.jpeg?easyrotate_cache=1568933254)
 

a maple 4 x 4 under the tarp


(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/51041/BACE879C-F975-4390-9F10-89F13E915C0E.jpeg?easyrotate_cache=1568933301)
 

a 2" elm slab from the same tree, left under the tarp.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: YellowHammer on September 19, 2019, 10:40:20 PM
A couple things to maybe help things make sense.  Each species of wood has a maximum acceptable drying rate, based on its thickness.  Cherry for example, has a max safe drying rate of about 5.8% for 4/4, and about half of that for 8/4 (some say more or less, but I round to half).  So if you dry more than about 2.9% per day, the wood will split and check.  In reality, I would go conservatively with cherry, as it like to split, so would keep it down to about 2% per day for 8/4.  This is one of the things about a kiln, in many cases it's important to slow down or regulate the rate of drying, not to accelerate it.  It's all about controlling the environment of the wood.

As has been mentioned, moisture is driven from wood with the help of heat.  So the more heat, the more moisture is evolved from the wood.  When the wood is very wet, and the moisture is close to the surface, it will come out easily.  When the wood gets dryer, it is more difficult for the moisture to travel from the core of the boards, and heat is required.
  
Air velocity also plays a very important factor in lumber drying, the same as you would think, wetter boards, more surface moisture, the more the effect the air movement in drying.  Dryer boards, less effect.
Temperature also greatly effects the strength of the boards.  Cooler wood is stronger and more able to withstand the stresses of drying, hotter wood is significantly weaker.

So when you put all this together, and I have just scratched the surface with this info, for thick, wet wood, it's best to try to get to just under the max allowable drying rate while keeping the wood as cool as possible.  As the moisture removal rate starts to drop for a set of conditions, the temperature is increased, or allowed to increase gradually.

The way to track things is by calculating the water removed from the wood using the oven dry method, or an accurate moisture meter, or by the amount of water in a bucket, or a combination of them.  It's important to know how much moisture is being removed when using a DH system, or its just guesswork. 
   
So typically, the best DH kiln schedule for thick or green wood that I'm just getting a feel for, starts at 90F and gradually increases through stages, until a max of 120F.  There should be no need to go higher than that unless the wood has stalled.
  
Using a DH unit is fine, but it must be able to keep up with the amount of moisture removed form the wood, to achieve low enough humidities to dry the wood at the lower temperatures.  Remember that a house will dry the wood at 70F, but it takes too long.  Also, most houses are at too low a humidity for green wood, and will immediately begin to crack it.  If the wood is further along, or basically air dried, the low humidities are required.

OR

The other solution is to air dry the wood from the start, or use other conservative methods.  Personally, I really like air drying as a first stage, and it will step right through many of the risks and issues.  A solar kiln is great, and some of these other techniques @doc henderson (http://forestryforum.com/board/index.php?action=profile;u=41041) uses are also very effective.
To dry wood successfully, the maximum allowable moisture removal rate must not be exceeded.  
 
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: CEaston on September 20, 2019, 05:15:45 PM
@YellowHammer (http://forestryforum.com/board/index.php?action=profile;u=11488) Wow, Thank you for the information. Here are the numbers I plugged and they seem to be in line with the numbers you are saying.

I have about 200 BF of Cherry right now. After I did the calculations of the "Calculations of Weight of Lumber" document posted early with my MC. It is saying I have roughly 961 lbs of wood/water weight.

If I were to dry the wood at the suggested 2%/day that would be about 19.2 lbs of water/day. 

After doing the water weight/ gallon ratio and the fact that my DH has a 2 gallon reservoir, I should only be filing that reservoir once a day.

These are not exactly 100% but are pretty close and error on the side of caution.

My setup is not exactly tight as well. I am working on bettering this, so I have a nice and controlled environment.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: CEaston on September 22, 2019, 10:00:57 PM
So I moved into my current house about a month ago and just had to close down the pool. All of the pool supplies were kept in a 10' x 10' room, after going through them all were  most junk or not need and  the rest could be consolidated to a storage rack.  

Now I have this empty room that I though would be a decent idea to use as the wood drying room. It needs some help/ work to get there( insulation added, electrical gone through, sealing the room, ect.)   

I am a controls engineer by day, and this room got my head thinking about some things I could get out with the room. I currently have  a halogen light, box fan, and dehumidifier in the room for testing. I could use a micro PC/ industrial PLC to turn these peripheral equipment on and off depending on variable feedback from sensors.





<br
>(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/56275/20190920_160356.jpg?easyrotate_cache=1569203977)
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: CEaston on September 29, 2019, 11:17:51 AM
Update.

I have sealed the door and made them function again, I still need to add a back stop to the doors and put a seal on it so when the doors are shut the gaps are sealed off.

 
(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/56275/20190928_190258.jpg?easyrotate_cache=1569769997)



ripped out the peg board and added insulation to all the walls.

(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/56275/20190928_190309.jpg?easyrotate_cache=1569769997)
 


Started to test out a heating method. It utilizes a PID controller, heater bands, gas pipe, and RTD feedback sensor. Essentially it works by the PID controller heating up the pipe via the heater bands, a fan blowing air around the pipe to heat the air up, and the RTD sensor providing feedback to the PID controller on the heat of the output air. My first test worked well, but I did take away some things that I am going to change for the next test. I am only testing in controlled environment with my full attention to it.

(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/56275/20190928_190321.jpg?easyrotate_cache=1569770005)
 

I have been able to get the room up to 84 degrees so far with just running the halogen lights. I plan on running a trial with the lights and heater bands once I get a better method for heat transfer to the air flowing around the pipe. My process right now is to have the box fan running both day and night, halogen lights during the day to increase temperature, and the dehumidifier at night.
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: Al_Smith on September 30, 2019, 09:06:21 AM
I've probably got 5-800 bd ft of cherry that has been stickered and stacked 8-10 years as well as oak, ash ,maple some hickory .Total of over 4000 BD ft .So far if I need  some aside from digging through the stacks to find what I want it's all been good and dry and stable .I have no idea what the moisture content is .
As far as cherry goes they say make certain your cutters, saw blades etc are good and sharp because it "burns " easily .Most of mine are carbide so it hasn't been a problem .
I have a few shorts but mostly 12-16 feet long .Try latching on to a 16' white oak 1" by 12" .Eat your Wheaties first, it  certainly isn't balsa :D
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: rweiss1110 on December 15, 2019, 11:34:04 AM
I just put a load of Cherry 400 bd/ft in my DH box that I don't run in winter. Would having it under fan for the next 4 month help dry it out? mind you that I'm up here in the icebox of the nation with temps below 20 degrees.
(https://forestryforum.com/gallery/albums/userpics/57287/20191204_144903~0.jpg?easyrotate_cache=1576427620)
 
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: doc henderson on December 15, 2019, 01:12:26 PM
if you could add a little heat, that would help.  lots of guys add halogen work lights.  I would monitor the humidity.  If it is running high with no way to get out, might get mold on your wood, and even damage your box.  we get some warm days occ. in the winter, you prob do not.  if you get it over 40° inside, could kick on the DH unit.  Or what ever the bottom temp is for your unit.  @GeneWengert-WoodDoc (https://forestryforum.com/board/index.php?action=profile;u=20498)
Title: Re: Cherry Air Drying
Post by: Jeff on December 15, 2019, 03:09:31 PM
Please do not post duplicate posts. Once is plenty.